In the Philippines, foreign companies can also register and operate businesses locally. Here are some common types of foreign companies:

Branch Office: A foreign company can register a branch office in the Philippines to represent its local business. Branches enjoy the same legal status as, and are controlled and funded by, the parent company. Branches also need to register with government departments and comply with relevant regulations.

Joint Venture: A joint venture is a partnership between a local Philippine company and a foreign company to jointly operate a business. A joint venture is a legally separate entity whose ownership and management are negotiated by the partners.

Stock Cooperative Corporation: A foreign company can also cooperate with a local Philippine stock cooperative company to jointly operate a business. A joint-stock cooperative company is jointly owned and managed by its members, who have only limited liability to the company.

Foreign Investment Enterprise: A foreign investment enterprise is a separate entity of a foreign company in the Philippines, whose ownership and management are owned by the foreign company. Foreign-invested enterprises usually need to register and abide by local laws and regulations, such as the Philippine Foreign Investment Law.

In conclusion, there are various types of foreign companies to choose from in the Philippines, each with its own advantages and limitations. Choosing the type of foreign company that is right for you requires consideration of several factors, such as required capital, ownership, management structure, and more. If you need more detailed information or legal advice, please consult a professional lawyer or other business advisor.

In the Philippines, there are various types of domestic companies, each with its own advantages and limitations. Below are some common Philippine domestic company types:

Stock Corporation: This is one of the most common types of corporations in which shareholders can increase their capital by selling shares. A company limited by shares usually consists of a board of directors and executive officers and is subject to a shareholder agreement or bylaws.

Limited Liability Company: A limited liability company usually consists of several shareholders whose liability is limited to the shares they hold. The advantage of this corporate structure is that it is more flexible and easy to manage, and it can adopt different shareholding methods.

Cooperative: A cooperative is usually a group of people or organizations that jointly operate a business and whose owners can be members or shareholders. The purpose of a cooperative is to promote the interests of its members and to be governed democratically.

Single Proprietorship: This type of company is owned and controlled by one person, whose liability is also limited to the assets it holds. This type of company is usually suitable for small businesses or the self-employed because it is easier to manage and control costs.

In short, in the Philippines, different types of domestic companies have their own advantages and limitations. Choosing the type of company that suits you needs to consider multiple factors, such as required capital, ownership, management structure, etc. If you need more detailed information or legal advice, please consult a professional lawyer or other business advisor.

In the Philippines, the main difference between foreign and local companies is their shareholding structure and ownership. A foreign company refers to a company that is controlled or held by a foreign investor or foreign corporation, while a local company refers to a company that is owned and controlled by a domestic investor or company in the Philippines.

Specifically, foreign-funded companies must comply with Philippine laws and regulations on foreign investors and foreign companies, including restrictions on the proportion of equity held by foreign shareholders in foreign-funded companies. In addition, foreign-owned companies are usually required to be registered and certified with the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other government agencies, and to pay relevant taxes and fees in accordance with Philippine laws.

Local companies are not controlled by foreign investors or foreign companies. They are generally owned and controlled by natural persons, corporations or other legal persons within the Philippines. Local companies also need to be registered and certified by Philippine government agencies, and pay taxes and fees in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

In addition, there may be some differences in operation and management between foreign-funded companies and local companies. For example, foreign-funded companies may need to meet some special requirements of the Philippine government for foreign investors and foreign companies, while local companies are more familiar with the cultural and business environment of the Philippine local market.

In summary, the main difference between foreign and local companies in the Philippines is shareholding structure and ownership. There may also be some differences in the registration, operation and management of these companies. If you need more detailed information or legal advice, please consult a professional lawyer or other business advisor.

Yes, shareholders may not be members of the board of directors under Philippine corporate law. In Philippine companies, shareholders and board of directors are two different concepts. Shareholders are the owners of the company, while the board of directors is the company’s management body. Shareholders can share in the company’s profits and decision-making power by holding shares in the company, while the board of directors is responsible for formulating the company’s strategic plan, managing the company’s daily operations, and overseeing the decisions of the company’s executives.

The company law of the Philippines stipulates that shareholders of a company have the right to exercise their voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders, including electing members of the company’s board of directors and approving company decisions. Therefore, even if the shareholders are not members of the board of directors, they can still exercise their voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders and have an influence on important decisions of the company.

According to the company law of the Philippines, the company’s board of directors is composed of at least three directors. Therefore, to establish a board of directors that complies with the law, at least three directors are required.

However, it is important to note that the Articles of Incorporation of some companies may specify higher board membership requirements. In such cases, the company must comply with the number of board members required by its articles of incorporation in order to operate legally and efficiently. If the articles of incorporation do not specify the requirement for the number of board members, the minimum requirement stipulated by the Philippine Corporations Act must be followed, which is that the board of directors shall have at least three members.

In the Philippines, voting rights are usually calculated based on the number of shares held. Each share carries one vote, so shareholders with more shares generally have more control because they have more votes at shareholder meetings.

If counted by the number of votes, each shareholder may have a different number of votes. This situation can lead to shareholders with more votes gaining more power in decision-making, which can lead to uneven and unfair shareholding distribution.

Therefore, at the general meeting of shareholders, voting rights are usually calculated based on the number of shares to ensure fairness and equality of equity. This is also a common practice prescribed by the Philippine Companies Act and the Securities and Exchange Commission.

It is worth noting that certain companies may have different voting rules in their bylaws or shareholder agreements, so the specifics may vary from company to company. If you need more detailed information or legal advice, please consult a professional lawyer or other business advisor.